Below is the text of Free Software Foundation's comment to the United States Copyright Office in regard to their DMCA anti-circumvention provisions. Because we have submitted it to the Copyright Office, the comment is no longer open for co-signing. For more background information on this comment and the FSF's position, please see our blog post on DefectiveByDesign.org.
Background
On December 29th, 2015, the United States Copyright Office (Copyright Office) released a public call for comment, Section 1201 Study: Notice and Request for Public Comment (Docket No. 2015-8) in order to assess the operation of Section 1201, Title 17, including the triennial rulemaking process established under the DMCA to adopt exemptions to the prohibition against circumvention of technological measures that control access to copyrighted works. In response to this call, the Free Software Foundation submits the following comment.
About the Free Software Foundation
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a charitable 501(c)(3)
corporation, founded in 1985, with the mission to expand and defend computer user freedom. The
FSF is the largest single contributor to the GNU operating system
(used widely today in its GNU/Linux variant) and the FSF's GNU General
Public License (GPL) is the most widely used free software license,
covering major components of the GNU operating system and tens of
thousands of other computer programs used on hundreds of millions of
computers around the world. The FSF has inspired and significantly
influenced numerous other initiatives focused on creating free
licenses and free works, including Creative Commons and Wikipedia.
The FSF's Licensing & Compliance Lab is the preeminent resource of
free licensing information for developers and publishers of free
software and free documentation. The Licensing and Compliance Lab
provides numerous resources and public services including: no-cost
licensing consulting for developers of free works; continuing legal
education workshops for the legal community; and myriad educational
publications on choosing and making use of free licenses.
Comment
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act's (DMCA) anti-circumvention provisions should be repealed, and the exemptions process ended. Technological protection measures and Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) play no legitimate role in protecting copyrighted works. Instead, they are a means of controlling users and creating "lock in". Companies use this control illegitimately with an eye toward extracting maximum revenue from users in ways that have little connection to actual copyright law. In fact, these restrictions are technological impediments to the rights users have under copyright law, such as fair use. DRM enables companies to spy on their users, and use that data for profit. DRM requires the use of proprietary software, which exposes users to security vulnerabilities, as was the case in 2005 when Sony infected users' computers with a rootkit as part of their music album DRM system.
That other government agencies are seeking to use the DMCA's anti-circumvention provisions to enforce rules unrelated to copyright demonstrates that DRM is about restriction. During the 2015 round of exemptions, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sent a letter to the Copyright Office urging that restrictions on access to vehicle software be maintained. In this letter, the EPA did not base its argument on the enforcement of copyright; it was asking to restrict users to enforce unrelated regulations which had no basis under the DMCA.
Much like the EPA, companies seek to use DRM to lock down and control users, using potential copyright violations as an excuse. DRM is frequently used to spy on users by requiring that they maintain a connection to the Internet so that the program can send information back to the DRM provider about the user's actions. DRM is used to restrict the ability of users to switch to a competing piece of software on their devices, or to prevent them from switching to a competing digital store for the purchase of software, movies and music. Even if it were about enforcing copyright law, the power given to companies by DRM and the DMCA is unacceptably over broad. We should not give companies the authority to pursue criminal charges against users seeking simply to have full control over their own computer systems and security, just because some users might use that control to violate copyright law.
The exemptions process was supposed to address some of these concerns, but it does not. Exemptions are of no value if they cannot be practically enjoyed by average users. Sharing tools and asking third parties for assistance are always required for ordinary users to be able to exercise their rights. The 1201(b) restrictions on sharing tools necessary to exercise their rights should be rescinded, so that users can help each other break free of the control imposed by DRM. Users should be free to ask third parties to disable DRM on their behalf.
The FSF is the copyright holder for much of the software that comprises the GNU/Linux operating system, one of the most ubiquitous operating systems in the world. FSF-copyrighted software is found in thousands of devices, from wireless routers to the web servers that run much of the Internet. The FSF faces numerous copyright violations every day on the software to which it holds copyright, but has never employed and never will employ DRM. Thousands of other free software developers likewise do not utilize DRM, and are harmed by the DMCA's anti-circumvention rules, which grant anti-competitive advantages to developers who chose to harm their users. Free software has spread all around the world, enriching the lives of users and the bottom lines of developers who understand the value in respecting the rights of everyone by avoiding harmful DRM.
All DRM is a violation of the rights of users. The exemptions process as outlined by section 1201 is completely broken beyond repair. No amount of exemptions, except a permanent exemption for all uses, can rectify the situation. Requiring users to continually fight for exemptions in order to maintain them is inherently unfair. The ultimate solution to the problem is not to try and fix a broken process, but to end it. It is unethical and harmful for the law to treat all users as criminals -- which is exactly what DRM does. The DMCA's anti-circumvention provisions do too much harm and should be repealed, so that users may once again enjoy their rights under the law without interference.
Sincerely,
Joshua Gay & Donald Robertson, III
Free Software Foundation
Co-Signers
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- Warren Knight, Schertz, Texas
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- james knox, madisonville, Kentucky
- Matthew Koch, Boulder, Colorado
- Roger Koehler, Cottonwood Heights, Utah
- Todd Kofford, Lawrence, Kansas
- Anthony Kolasny, Columbia, Maryland
- Kenneth Koski, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Steven Kostis , New York, New York
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- joe kozy, Peoria, Illinois
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- Kostadin Krajcev, New York, New York
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- Andrew Kvalheim, Seattle, Washington
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- Andre Lallier, St. Cloud, Florida
- Michael Lamb, Costa Mesa, California
- Byron Lambrou, Newark, Delaware
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- Miller Larson, Hauser, Idaho
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- Simon Last, San Francisco, California
- Sham'uuna Latifu, Bronx , New York
- sebASTIEN lautie, new york, New York
- Ron Lauzon, Rockford, Michigan
- Dave Law, Seattle, Washington
- Jeff Lawrence, New York, New York
- Dzmitry Lazerka, San Francisco, California
- Robert Lazzarini, Mount Tabor, New Jersey
- Cody Lee, Ozark, Arkansas
- Wayne Leggett, Santa Paula, California
- James Lemasters, Durham, North Carolina
- Joshua Lense, Moorhead, Minnesota
- Christopher Lentner, Rochester, New York
- Jeremy Leonard, DeWitt, Michigan
- Mike LeRoy, Santa Rosa, California
- Brendan Leslie, Aurora, Colorado
- Jacob Leslie, Chandler, Arizona
- Stephen Lester, San Diego, California
- Thomas Levine, Scarsdale, New York
- Matthew Levine, Tampa, Florida
- William Lewis, Vernal, Utah
- Warren Lewis, Seattle, Washington
- Josh Lewis, Forest Lake, Minnesota
- Noah Liebman, Farmington Hills, Michigan
- William Liggett, Arlington, Virginia
- Daniel Linder, Emeryville, California
- David Lindsey, Round Mountain, Texas
- Warren Ling, Mesa, Arizona
- John F Link, III, Crestwood, Kentucky
- Matthew Linscott, Covington, Washington
- Dmitrii Lisovskii, Arlington, Virginia
- Stephen Loebs, ROCKLIN, California
- Douglas Logan, Cumbernauld, North Lanarkshire
- Bharath Lohray, San Jose, California
- David Lombard, Wichita, Kansas
- Jarren Long, Spokane, Washington
- Julia Longtin, Washington, District of Columbia
- Rob Looker, Plymouth, United States Minor Outlying Islands
- David Looney, La Jolla, California
- James Loope, Portland, Oregon
- John Lopez, Los Angeles, California
- Emilio Lopez, Bronx, New York
- Stuart LoPresti, Vero Beach, Florida
- Jonathan Loptien, Lafayette, Colorado
- Wayne Lorentz, Pacifica, California
- Samuel Loretan, Santa Monica, California
- Robert Love, Houston
- Nils Lübke, Saskatchewan, Alaska
- Marty Lucich, Fremont, California
- Stephen Ludwig, Pacifica, California
- Rafael Luik, New York, New York
- John Lynch, Dunmore, Pennsylvania
- ian mac allister, san jose, California
- Peter Madams, Placerville, California
- B Maddigan, Middleboro, Massachusetts
- supriyanto maftuh, jakarta raya, Washington
- Lisa Maginnis, Boston, Massachusetts
- Stephen Mahood, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ivan Makfinsky, Montgomery Village, Maryland
- Charles Malinowski, Paso Robles, California
- Sean Mann, St Petersburg, Florida
- Roderick Mann, Milpitas, California
- Michael Mann, Rosamond, California
- Eli Mapstead, Bakersfield, California
- Eric Marchand, Patchogue, New York
- Julian Marchant, South Lyon, Michigan
- Jonathan Mark, Seattle, Washington
- Jordan Marsh, Shoreline, Washington
- Paul Martel, Shirley, Massachusetts
- Thad Martin, Austin, Texas
- Nick Martindell, Seattle, Washington
- Lisa Martinez, Friendswood, Texas
- Richard Marton, Groton, Massachusetts
- J-P Mary, Manchester , New Hampshire
- David Mascharka, Des Moines, Iowa
- Richard Mason, Dixon, California
- Alexander Mastrando Jr., Pine Hill, New Jersey
- Luca Mastrobuono, Genova, Armed Forces Europe
- Diego Matho, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Alexander Matias, Bremerton, Washington
- Matt Matrisciano, Windermere, Florida
- Kobe Matthys, Brussels, New York
- Charles Mattice, Jackson, Georgia
- Scott Maxwell, Pasadena, California
- Daniel Maxwell-Ross, Berkeley, California
- Larry Mayfield, Ukiah, California
- Jennifer McArdle, Burbank, California
- Kevin McCarthy, Eugene, Oregon
- Branon McClellan, Chesapeake, Virginia
- Michael McClennen, Verona, Wisconsin
- Thayne McCombs, West Jordan, Utah
- Mark McCormick, San Francisco, California
- chris mccraw, portland, Oregon
- Daniel McDonald, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
- Martin McDonough, Vista, California
- Henry McFadyen, Dallas, Texas
- Ken McGlothlen, Tacoma, Washington
- Shane McGuckian, Fort collins, Colorado
- Brian McGuinness, Madison, New Jersey
- Stephen McIntosh, Jacksonville, Florida
- Paul McKee, Bellevue, Washington
- Tom McKellips, Morrisville, Missouri
- cody mckellips, Morrisville, Missouri
- Paul McKimmy, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Foster McLane, Clemson, South Carolina
- Sean McNamara, Pasadena, Maryland
- Ronald McPeak, Fremont, California
- Sean McTernan, olney, Maryland
- Ryan Meaney, Gun Barrel City, Texas
- Joseph Meaux, Duson, Louisiana
- Barry Meehan, Libertyville, Illinois
- Alex Meek , Austin, Texas
- David Melik, Colbert, Washington
- Jason Melton, FPO, Armed Forces Pacific
- Carl Melville, Ozark, Missouri
- Dave Melvin, La Vista, Nebraska
- Les Mercatoris, Bryan, Texas
- Susan Merriam, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Paul Merrill, Sunnyvale, California
- Robert Merritt, Folsom, California
- Andy Merskin, Arvada, Colorado
- Paul Messina, District Heights, Maryland
- Holger Meyer, Wichita, Kansas
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- Stanley Miller, Gilbert, Arizona
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- Aaron Miller, Garden Grove, California
- John Miller, Lake Forest Park, Washington
- Michael Miller, Alexandria, Virginia
- Ethan Miller, Poughkeepsie, New York
- Evan Miller, Madison, Wisconsin
- william miller, fort wayne, Indiana
- James Milligan, indianapolis, Indiana
- Bill Milosz, CHICAGO, Illinois
- Payam Minoofar, San Buenaventura, California
- Jeff Mintun, Rocky Mount, Virginia
- Christian Lee Miranda, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- David Mitchell, Bainbridge Island, Washington
- Jeff Mitzelfelt, Tremont, Illinois
- Jeremy Mizell, Aurora, Colorado
- Jeff Moe, Loveland, Colorado
- Scott Monahan, Gilbert, Arizona
- k monar, Maryville, Tennessee
- james Monroe, Kansas City, Missouri
- Julian Montague, Urbana, Illinois
- Dustin Montgomery, Mansfield, Ohio
- Wayne Moore, Bronx, New York
- Sergiy Moot, Manassas Park, Virginia
- George Morgan, Sterling, Virginia
- Bo Morgan, Emerald Hills, California
- William Morgart, Devon, Pennsylvania
- Mark D. Morin, Psy.D., Waterville, Maine
- Samuel Morley , Seattle , Washington
- Robert Morris, Auburndale, Massachusetts
- Mike Morrison, Torrington, Connecticut
- Donald Morrone, Wolcott, Connecticut
- Rory Morse, Santa Clara, California
- Jonathan Mortola, Pittsburg, California
- Daniel Moser, Toledo, Ohio
- Tim Moss, Lafayette, California
- Carter Moss, Bountiful, Utah
- Richard Mott, San Diego, California
- Debaditya Mukhopadhyay, Baltimore, Maryland
- Clinton Mullins, Taylor, Michigan
- Ben Mulvey, Rochester, New York
- Luis Munoz, Irvine, California
- Marcy Murninghan, Watertown, Massachusetts
- Michael Murphy, Accord, New York
- Michael Murphy, Huntington, New York
- Michael Murphy, Ellisville, Missouri
- Matthew Murphy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Denise Murray, Woodridge, Illinois
- Rod Murufas, Yorba Linda, California
- Cole N/A, South Kingstown, Rhode Island
- Tássio Naia dos Santos, Birmingham, Alabama
- troy nall, baton rouge, Louisiana
- John Napier, Malden, Massachusetts
- Harender Nath, india, Indiana
- Wojciech Nawrocki, Boston, Massachusetts
- Amy Nelson, Milpitas, California
- Barry Nelson, Miami, Florida
- Rick Nelson, Columbus, Ohio
- Carl Nelson, Lake Stevens, Washington
- Ian Neubert, Bothell, Washington
- William Neuheisel, Washington, District of Columbia
- Brett Neumeier, Glen Ellyn, Illinois
- Karl Newman, Santa Rosa, California
- J B Nicholson, Champaign, Illinois
- Frank Niertit, Downey, California
- Evan Niessen-Derry, St.Paul, Minnesota
- Erik Niklas, Columbus, Ohio
- Jason Ninneman, FAIRBANKS, Alaska
- Ryan Noblett, Lapeer, Michigan
- Erich Noll, Kansas City, Missouri
- Kirk Noonan, Vero Beach, Florida
- Elizabeth Noonan, Oakland , California
- Eric Norberg, Leawood, Kansas
- Zachary Norman, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Gregory Nowak, Sun City, Arizona
- Lee Nuckols, Cedar Park, Texas
- Vaughn Numrych, Tolland, Connecticut
- Peter Nunn, Bannockburn, Vermont
- Michael O'Donnell, Glencoe, Illinois
- Glenn Ochampaugh, Vancouver, Washington
- luis olarte, miami, Florida
- Ian Oliver, Chelmsford, Massachusetts
- Peter Olson, Watertown, Massachusetts
- Aren Olson, Sunnyvale, California
- S Ong, Temple City, California
- LESLIE ORLOFF, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Jack Ostroff, Old Lyme, Connecticut
- atom ottokar , S F , California
- Erik Overberg, Dearborn, Michigan
- Stefano Pacifico, New York, New York
- David Paige, Sierra Vista, Arizona
- George Paley, Gaithersburg, Maryland
- James Pannacciulli, Los Angeles, California
- Michael Paoli, Berkeley, California
- Jim Paris, Boston, Massachusetts
- Keri Parmeter, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Dominick Pastore, Chesterfield, Virginia
- Douglas Patac, Bennington, Vermont
- Carlos Leandro Patiño, Buenos aires, Montana
- Jeffery Patton, Oolitic, Indiana
- Phillip Patzer, Cadillac, Michigan
- Sean Patzer, Fairbanks, Alaska
- Timothy Pearson, Belvidere, Illinois
- Zachary Pellman, Scottsdale, Arizona
- Paulie Pena, Boston, Massachusetts
- Steven Perez, San Antonio, Texas
- Alexander Perez, Denver, Colorado
- Paul Perkins, Hiawassee, Georgia
- Matthew Peters, Seattle, Washington
- David Petruncola, Enigrant Gap, California
- Art Petrzelka, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
- John Petty, Austin, Texas
- Ben Pfaff, San Carlos, California
- Jonathan Phebus, Fall Branch, Tennessee
- Jonathan Piacenti, Houston, Texas
- Michael Pickens, Chicago, Illinois
- Jason Place, Moosup, Connecticut
- Matthew Plavcan, Portland, Oregon
- David Plummer, Haymarket, Virginia
- Ari Pollak, Brookline, Massachusetts
- Jonathan Polom, grosse pointe woods, Michigan
- Nicholas Pontillo,
- Murti Poolla, TAMPA, Florida
- Richard Pope, Reedsburg, Wisconsin
- Steven Popkin, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Jordan Porter, Kittanning, Pennsylvania
- Charles Portwood, Evanston, Illinois
- Rick Potthoff, Houston, Texas
- Seth Powell, BLACKLICK, Ohio
- Erin Powers, Apple Valley, California
- Brian Pratt, Seattle, Washington
- Byron Pratt, Austin, Texas
- Dirk Prusok, Gahanna, Ohio
- Charles Pugh, Austin, Texas
- Jameson Pugh, Buford, Georgia
- Erik Purins, Alameda, California
- Adam Purkiss, Oakland, California
- Brian Qiu, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Steven Quaethem, Springfield, Missouri
- Chris Quance, Dobson, North Carolina
- Daniel R Quintiliani, Milford, Pennsylvania
- Charley Quinton, La Center, Kentucky
- Aaron Rainbolt, Central Point, Oregon
- Gerald Rainey, Rialto, California
- Steve Rainwater, Irving, Texas
- Ben Rall, Spokane, Washington
- Jon Ralston, Massena, New York
- Paul Ramer, Newport, Washington
- gabriel ramirez, Bloomfield, New Jersey
- Erwin Rampy, San Antonio, Texas
- Scott Randby, Ravenna, Ohio
- Gerald Randler, Prugnanes, Arizona
- Alex Rands, Sandy, Utah
- Michael Ransbottom, Otsego, Michigan
- Douglas Rapp, San Diego, California
- Carlos Ravelo, Stamford, Connecticut
- Siddharth Ravikumar,
- Luke Ravitch, Hawthorne, California
- MICHAEL REEVES, KIRKSVILLE, Missouri
- Frank Reischl, Oshkosh, Wisconsin
- Brent Reitze, BOWIE, Maryland
- Greg Renigar, Livermore, California
- James Renken, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Hector Reyes, N. Las Vegas, Nevada
- Kevin Reynolds, Hayward, California
- Mickey Reynolds, Buford, Georgia
- Russell Rezaian, Naperville, Illinois
- Kevin Rhoads, Lyme, New Hampshire
- Sean Rhone, Charleroi, Pennsylvania
- Corey Richardson, Troy, New Hampshire
- David Richardson, Lexington, Kentucky
- James Richie, Germantown, Wisconsin
- Kurt Richter, Clearwater, Florida
- Lorin Ricker, Elbert, Colorado
- Christopher Ricord, Prairieville, Louisiana
- David Rideout, SAN DIEGO, California
- David Riedel, Manchester, Connecticut
- fudmier riely, gulf breeze, Florida
- Carl Rigney, Pleasanton, California
- Ephraim Risho, Bozeman, Montana
- Valerio Risso, Boston, Massachusetts
- Joseph Ritter, Barto, Pennsylvania
- Oscar Rivera, Camarillo, California
- Arnold Robbins, Atlanta, Georgia
- Drew Roberts, New York City, New York
- Jackson Robertson, Pueblo, Colorado
- Adam Robertson, Murfreesboro, Tennessee
- Tash Robinson, mechanicsville, Virginia
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- Jonathan Rochkind, Baltimore, Maryland
- Mitchell Roe, Troy, Michigan
- Alexander Rofini, Molalla, Oregon
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- Mark Rosenthal, Arlington, Massachusetts
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- Louis Russo, Las Vegas, Nevada
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- Ruben Safir, Brooklyn, New York
- Victor Salas, Santo Domingo, Massachusetts
- Andrew Sallee, Brighton, Michigan
- G. Thomas Sandbach, Wilmington, Delaware
- E Santamaria, St Augustine , Florida
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- Philip Schaffner, Hampton, Virginia
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- Karl Schmidt, Lawrence, Kansas
- Nathan Schmidt, Waterloo, Iowa
- Kyle Schmidt, Litchfield Park, Arizona
- Harry Schneider, San Jose, California
- Jakob Schnell, Vienna, Alabama
- Timothy Schoenheider, Falcon Heights, Minnesota
- John Schonmeier, Dearborn, Michigan
- Aaron Schrab, Durham, North Carolina
- Rex Schrader, Roseville, California
- Laverne Schrock, Littlefork, Minnesota
- Bryce Schroeder, Port Jefferson Station, New York
- Richard Schultz, Saratoga, California
- Eric Schultz, Oshkosh, Wisconsin
- Jesse Schulz, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Douglas Schumacker, Tewksbury , Massachusetts
- Steve Schwartz, Victorville, California
- Eli Schwartz, Atlanta, Georgia
- Cory Schwartz, San Antonio, Texas
- Eric Schwarzenbach, Somerville, Massachusetts
- Yitzchak Scott-Thoennes, Seattle, Washington
- Kevin Search, Cedar Park, Texas
- Alan Segal, Laughlin, Nevada
- Jason Self, Seattle, Washington
- Julio César Serrano Ortuno, Villafranca de los Caballeros, Arizona
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- Thomas Shaw, Elliott city, Maryland
- Tammy Shearer, Madison, Alabama
- Jeremy W. Sherman, Atlanta, Georgia
- charles sherrouse, philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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- Garrett Silski, Los altos, California
- Aryeh Silverberg, ST. LOUIS PARK, Minnesota
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- Jane Simpson, Colorado Springs, Colorado
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- Stuart Smith, New Bern, North Carolina
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- Richard Steffens, Oregon City, Oregon
- Reinhard Stegen, Ettringen, Armed Forces Europe
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- Max Stein, Nazareth, Pennsylvania
- Joey Steiner, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
- Robert Stephens, Elizabeth, New Jersey
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- Roshan Tourani, Highland Park, New Jersey
- W. Craig Trader, Sterling, Virginia
- Paul Travis, West Branch, Michigan
- Graham Trent, Baltimore, Maryland
- Roberto Tron, Boston, Massachusetts
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